Coffee was used by Sufi circles to stay awake for their religious rituals. It was here in Arabia that coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a similar way to how it is prepared now. The earliest credible evidence of coffee-drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century in the accounts of Ahmed al-Ghaffar in Yemen. As stories of this "miracle drug" reached Mocha, Omar was asked to return and was made a saint. Upon drinking the liquid, Omar was revitalized and sustained for days. He then tried boiling them to soften the seed, which resulted in a fragrant brown liquid. He tried roasting the seeds to improve the flavor, but they became hard. Starving, Omar chewed berries from nearby shrubbery but found them to be too bitter. According to an old chronicle (preserved in the Abd-Al-Kadir manuscript), Omar, who was known for his ability to cure the sick through prayer, was once exiled from Mocha in Yemen to a desert cave near Ousab (modern-day Wusab, about 90 kilometres (56 mi) east of Zabid, Yemen). Īnother legend attributes the discovery of coffee to a Sheikh Omar. The story of Kaldi, the 9th-century Ethiopian goatherd who discovered the stimulating effect of coffee when he noticed how excited his goats became after eating the beans from a coffee plant, did not appear in writing until 1671 and is probably apocryphal. However, no direct evidence that has been found earlier than the 15th century indicating who among the African populations used it as a stimulant, or where coffee was first cultivated. Main article: History of coffee Legendary accountsĪccording to one legend, ancestors of today's Oromo people in a region of Jimma in Ethiopia were the first to recognize the energizing effect of the coffee plant. Critics have also point to the coffee industry's negative impact on the environment and the clearing of land for coffee-growing and water use. Despite the sales of coffee reaching billions of dollars, farmers producing the beans are disproportionately living in poverty. Green, unroasted coffee is the most traded agricultural commodity and one of the most traded commodities overall, second only to petroleum.
As of 2018, Brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing 35% of the world total. Coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the equatorial regions of the Americas, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and Africa. The two most commonly grown coffee bean types are C. arabica and C. robusta. In the 20th century, coffee became a much more global commodity, creating different coffee cultures around the world.
By the 16th century, the drink had reached the rest of the Middle East and North Africa, later spreading to Europe.
The Yemenis procured the coffee beans from the Ethiopian Highlands via coastal Somali intermediaries and began cultivation. The earliest credible evidence of the drinking of coffee in the form of the modern beverage appears in modern-day Yemen from the mid-15th century in Sufi shrines, where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a manner similar to current methods. Though coffee is now a global commodity, it has a long history tied closely to food traditions around the Red Sea. Sugar, sugar substitutes, milk and cream are often used to lessen the bitter taste or enhance the flavor. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, French press, caffè latte, or already-brewed canned coffee). It is usually served hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common. The seeds are then roasted and then ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee. It is darkly colored, bitter, slightly acidic and has a stimulating effect in humans, primarily due to its caffeine content, and is one of the most popular drinks in the world.įrom the coffee fruit, the seeds are separated to produce unroasted green coffee. Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans made from seeds of Coffea plant species.
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